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Converting Genotype into Phenotype:
What do the following individuals look like?
1- If A is dominant to a, what do "AA" "Aa" and "aa" look like?
AA and Aa express the "A" phenotype. aa is the "a" phenotype.
2- If B and b are codominant, what do "BB" "Bb" and "bb" look like?
BB is the "B" phenotype. bb is the "b" phenotype. Bb is an intermediate between the two, or shows both looks or parts of each.
3- If c is recessive to C, what do "CC" "Cc" and "cc" look like?
CC and Cc are the "C" phenotype. cc is the "c" phenotype.
4- If D is dominant to both d1 and d2, and d1 and d2 are codominant to each other, what do "DD" "Dd1" "Dd2" "d1d1" "d2d2" and "d1d2" look like?
DD, Dd1, and Dd2 are the "D" phenotype.
d1d1 is the "d1" phenotype.
d2d2 is the "d2" phenotype.
d1d2 will show elements of both the d1 and d2 phenotypes, or be an intermediate between the two.
Beginner:
Practice FOIL:
5- BB x Bb = BB and Bb (simplified from BB Bb BB Bb)
6- bb x Bb = bB and bb (simplified from bB bb bB bb)
7- bb x bb = bb (simplified from bb bb bb bb)
8- Bb x Bb = BB, Bb, Bb, and bb
9- BB x bb = Bb (simplified from Bb Bb Bb Bb)
Intermediate:
Combine two results. Use FOIL on each trait, then combine with a grid.
10- CCDD x CcDD
11- ccDd x ccdd
12- CCdd x ccDD
13- CcDd x CcDd
| CC | Cc | cC | cc |
DD | CCDD | CcDD | cCDD | ccDD |
Dd | CCDd | CcDd | cCDd | ccDd |
dD | CCdD | CcdD | cCdD | ccdD |
dd | CCdd | Ccdd | cCdd | ccdd |
14- Ccdd x CcDd
| Dd | dd |
CC | CCDd | CCdd |
cC | cCDd | cCdd |
Cc | CcDd | Ccdd |
cc | ccDd | ccdd |
Advanced:
Use FOIL for each trait to get all three results. Combine two into a grid, then add the third.
15- aabbcc x AaBbCc
| Aa | aa |
Bb | AaBb | aaBb |
bb | Aabb | aabb |
| Cc | cc |
AaBb | AaBbCc | AaBbcc |
Aabb | AabbCc | Aabbcc |
aaBb | aaBbCc | aaBbcc |
aabb | aabbCc | aabbcc |
16- aaBbCc x AabbCc
| Aa | aa |
Bb | AaBb | aaBb |
bb | Aabb | aabb |
| CC | Cc | cC | cc |
AaBb | AaBbCC | AaBbCc | AaBbcC | AaBbcc |
Aabb | AabbCC | AabbCc | AabbcC | Aabbcc |
aaBb | aaBbCC | aaBbCc | aaBbcC | aaBbcc |
aabb | aabbCC | aabbCc | aabbcC | aabbcc |
17- AaBbCc x aaBbcc
| Aa | aa |
BB | AaBB | aaBB |
Bb | AaBb | aaBb |
bB | AabB | aabB |
bb | Aabb | aabb |
| Cc | cc |
AaBB | AaBBCc | AaBBcc |
AaBb | AaBbCc | AaBbcc |
AabB | AabBCc | AabBcc |
Aabb | AabbCc | Aabbcc |
aaBB | aaBBCc | aaBBcc |
aaBb | aaBbCc | aaBbcc |
aabB | aabBCc | aabBcc |
aabb | aabbCc | aabbcc |
18- AaBbCc x AaBbCc
| AA | Aa | aA | aa |
BB | AABB | AaBB | aABB | aaBB |
Bb | AABb | AaBb | aABb | aaBb |
bB | AAbB | AabB | aAbB | aabB |
bb | AAbb | Aabb | aAbb | aabb |
| CC | Cc | cC | cc |
AABB | AABBCC | AABBCc | AABBcC | AABBcc |
AABb | AABbCC | AABbCc | AABbcC | AABbcc |
AAbB | AAbBCC | AAbBCc | AAbBcC | AAbBcc |
AAbb | AAbbCC | AAbbCc | AAbbcC | AAbbcc |
AaBB | AaBBCC | AaBBCc | AaBBcC | AaBBcc |
AaBb | AaBbCC | AaBbCc | AaBbcC | AaBbcc |
AabB | AabBCC | AabBCc | AabBcC | AabBcc |
Aabb | AabbCC | AabbCc | AabbcC | Aabbcc |
aABB | aABBCC | aABBCc | aABBcC | aABBcc |
aABb | aABbCC | aABbCc | aABbcC | aABbcc |
aAbB | aAbBCC | aAbBCc | aAbBcC | aAbBcc |
aAbb | aAbbCC | aAbbCc | aAbbcC | aAbbcc |
aaBB | aaBBCC | aaBBCc | aaBBcC | aaBBcc |
aaBb | aaBbCC | aaBbCc | aaBbcC | aaBbcc |
aabB | aabBCC | aabBCc | aabBcC | aabBcc |
aabb | aabbCC | aabbCc | aabbcC | aabbcc |
Expert:
Use the shortcut shown in Step 9 by multiplying "odds per locus" to find the desired outcome.
19- When crossing AaBbCcDdee x aaBbccDdEe, what are the odds of getting aabbccddee?
aa = 1/2
bb = 1/4
cc = 1/2
dd = 1/4
ee = 1/2
Total = 1 in 128 per egg.
20- When crossing AaBbCcDdEe X AaBbCcDdEe, what are the odds of getting aabbCcddee?
aa = 1/4
bb = 1/4
Cc = 1/2
dd = 1/4
ee = 1/4
Total = 1 in 512 per egg.
21- When crossing AaBbCcDdEe X AaBbCcDdEe, assuming "e" is recessive, what are the odds of getting offspring showing recessive traits a, b, c, and d, but not e?
aa = 1/4
bb = 1/4
Cc = 1/4
dd = 1/4
ee = 3/4
Total = 3 in 1024 per egg.
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